South America
5 entries$13.6B
Net collateral
- Managed size
- 160.3M ha
- Acquisition cost
- $26.6B
- Leverage
- 0.51x
Amazon basin and montane rainforest. Land trades above collateral value — acquisition-led.
5 country rows released on request
The Climate Exchange · Monaco
One world.One climate.One exchange.One future.
CLIMEX turns verified sovereign forest, peatland and taiga carbon into collateral you can hold, trade and retire. One token equals one tonne of CO₂e — and it is worth more standing than harvested.
Issued against Verra · Gold Standard · Article 6
- Net collateral base
- $377B
- Certified annual retention
- 11.66 Gt CO₂e
- Mapped land footprint
- 696.3M ha
Across 17 sovereign entries
Verified capture potential
Forest, peat, taiga and mangrove
01 — The arbitrage
Wilderness is priced as dirt. It stores carbon.
Undeveloped interior land trades at extreme discounts — illiquid, inaccessible, zoned for nothing. Wrap the same coordinates in a sovereign lease and a decadal protection covenant, and the territory becomes high-density carbon storage collateral.
As real estate
Physical land value
Valued strictly as property, these critical biomes are worth almost nothing. Local monetisation options reduce to raw timber or agricultural conversion — both of which destroy the asset.
$45–$1,600/ ha
Portfolio acquisition cost
$319.1B
- Systemic illiquidity
- Zero accessibility
- Regulatory zoning limits
Blended
1.18x
collateral value
per dollar of land
As natural capital
Sovereign biological asset value
The same hectares, held under a legal sovereign lease with decadal protection covenants, become certified, non-speculative collateral — and a leverage instrument for the state treasury.
$65–$2,080/ ha
Net risk-adjusted collateral
$377.1B
- Registry-certified tonnes
- Decadal covenant enforced
- Retirement is irreversible
Ranges are the observed minimum and maximum across the 17 sovereign entries in the CLIMEX land ledger. Portfolio figures are the sum of hectares × the per-hectare rate for every entry.
02 — How it works
A closed loop from the forest floor to permanent retirement.
Landowners are paid to protect rather than to harvest. Verified tonnes enter CLIMEX as credits, leave as tokens, and are destroyed the moment a buyer redeems them.
Select a leg to isolate it.
Instant
Settlement in seconds, not quarters.
Transparent
Every tonne traceable to its registry serial.
Fractional
Buy a kilogram or a megatonne.
24/7
The exchange never closes.
03 — Carbon atlas
Where the world actually keeps its carbon.
Natural stocks of CO₂ captured and stored, by country. The register is dominated by a handful of sovereign holders — which is precisely why the collateral base concentrates where it does.
Stored carbon by country · GtCO₂e
- Russia300–400
- Brazil150–250
- Canada110–150
- China100–150
- Indonesia80–120
- DR Congo60–120
- United States70–100
- Australia11–15
- India10–15
- Mexico7–12
- Nigeria7–10
- Colombia6–9
- Peru6–8
- Argentina4–6
- Ukraine4–6
- South Africa3–5
- France2–5
- United Kingdom2–4
- Germany2–4
- Spain1–3
- Italy1–3
- Sweden1–2
- Finland1–2
- Norway1–2
- Poland1–2
- New Zealand1–2
- South Korea0.7–1.2
- Japan0.6–1
- North Korea0.1–0.2
Top 10 holders
- 01Russia300–400
- 02Brazil150–250
- 03Canada110–150
- 04China100–150
- 05Indonesia80–120
- 06DR Congo60–120
- 07United States70–100
- 08Australia11–15
- 09India10–15
- 10Mexico7–12
Scale
- ≥ 100 GtCO₂e
- 50 – 100 GtCO₂e
- 10 – 50 GtCO₂e
- 1 – 10 GtCO₂e
- < 1 GtCO₂e
Sources: IPCC (2022) · FAO (2020) · Global Carbon Project (2022). Figures are estimated ranges of stored terrestrial and coastal carbon, not annual flux.
04 — Where it is stored
Nine tenths of it is in forests and soil.
Terrestrial carbon is not evenly distributed across ecosystem types. Soils hold as much as the trees standing on them, and peatlands punch far above their surface area — which is why the ledger prices peat and taiga so differently from tropical canopy.
- Forests~45%
- Soils~45%
- Peatlands & wetlands5–10%
- Mangroves~1%
Shares are of total terrestrial carbon. Bands overlap and do not sum to exactly 100% — mangroves cover roughly 0.1% of land surface while storing around 1% of the carbon, and peatland estimates vary widely by survey depth.
05 — The macro valuation
Net collateral vault base
$377B
The sum of every hectare in the CLIMEX land ledger at its net risk-adjusted collateral rate — 17 sovereign entries across four regions, consolidated into a single bio-infrastructure base.
Anchored in the Boreal
$294B of $377B
Canadian and Siberian taiga alone carry 78% of total platform collateral. Deep, cold, slow-cycling soil carbon is what gives the index its stability — tropical canopy supplies the growth, the Boreal supplies the ballast.
Certified annual retention
11.66 Gt CO₂e
Verified capture potential across the mapped estate.
Real estate footprint
696.3M ha · 6.96M km²
Mapped on stable, surveyed land coordinates.
Acquisition cost basis
$319.1B
What the same coordinates cost as physical property.
Blended leverage
1.18x
Collateral value per dollar of land acquired.
06 — The land ledger
Four regions. Seventeen sovereign entries.
Region roll-ups are public. Per-country typology, managed size, land cost and collateral rates are released on request to institutional counterparties.
Congo Basin
5 entries$32.2B
Net collateral
- Managed size
- 179.0M ha
- Acquisition cost
- $8.8B
- Leverage
- 3.67x
Deepest peat carbon at the lowest land cost on the ledger. Strongest arbitrage in the portfolio.
5 country rows released on request
Southeast Asia
3 entries$27.9B
Net collateral
- Managed size
- 155.0M ha
- Acquisition cost
- $85.4B
- Leverage
- 0.33x
High-depth peat and mangrove, but plantation-competitive land pricing compresses leverage.
3 country rows released on request
Boreal & Oceania
4 entries$303.4B
Net collateral
- Managed size
- 202.0M ha
- Acquisition cost
- $198.4B
- Leverage
- 1.53x
Taiga soil carbon anchors 80% of platform collateral. The index's stability ballast.
4 country rows released on request
Portfolio total
Net collateral$377.1B
Acquisition cost$319.1B
Managed size696.3M ha
Blended leverage1.18x